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The Examination of the Spine
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Anatomy And Kinesiology Of The Spine
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The coccyx
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The Examination of the Spine
Introduction
Anatomy And Kinesiology Of The Spine
Structure and function of the spine
The cervical vertebrae
The thoracic vertabrae
The lumbar vertebrae
The sacrum
The coccyx
Anatomical variations in the bony spine
Muscles of the spine
Muscles of the neck region
Muscles of the back region
Functions of the lumbar back muscles
Spinal range of motion
General terminology
Principles, techniques and procedure
Examination principles
Inspection
Examination of active range of motion
Muscle tests
Palpation
Specific tests
Tests to further specify scoliosis
Tests When Suspecting A Difference In Leg Length
Plank Test
Tests When Increased Kyphosis Is Present
Schober’s test or lumbar flexion index
Test For Measuring The Breathing Excursion
Test When Suspecting Spondylolisthesis
The Neurovascular Examination
Special Examination Techniques
Further Examination Of The Cervical Spine
Tests To Detect Muscle Imbalance
Spinal shape and posture defects
Normal Posture And Shape In The Sagittal Plane
Development Of The Normal Shape Of The Spine
Sagittal plane deformities
Increased Thoracic Kyphosis
Reduced Lumbar Lordosis Or High Lumbar Kyphosis
Increased Lumbar Lordosis
Reduced Thoracic Kyphosis Or Thoracic Lordosis
Shape Abnormalities With Lower Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
Frontal Plane Deformities
Scoliosis
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Other Types Of Scoliosis
The coccyx
This usually consists of 3 or 4 fused, ossified coccygeal vertebrae.
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