Baseline Position
- For flexion/extension: The upper and lower arm are in line (0° flexion), the lower arm is in supination [Figure 69].
Figure 69
- For pronation and supination: The elbow is in 90° flexion and the palm of the hand is located in the sagittal plane (mid-position) [Figure 70].
Figure 70
Movements should be assessed relative to these positions.
Procedure
- The patient stands or sits comfortably with arms hanging down, and facing the examiner.
- Inspect the movements on the ventral side and assess:
- The course of the movement.
- The maximum range of motion.
- Occurrence of pain.
- Occurrence of crepitations.
Ask the patient to carry out the following movements:
Flexion [Figure 71].
Figure 71
Extension [Figure 72].
Figure 72
Pronation [Figure 73].
Figure 73
Supination [Figure 74].
Figure 74