{"id":711,"date":"2010-12-02T15:44:49","date_gmt":"2010-12-02T15:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/tests-to-detect-muscle-imbalance\/"},"modified":"2024-08-13T17:07:09","modified_gmt":"2024-08-13T16:07:09","slug":"tests-to-detect-muscle-imbalance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/index.php\/the-examination-of-the-spine\/special-examination-techniques\/tests-to-detect-muscle-imbalance\/","title":{"rendered":"Tests To Detect Muscle Imbalance"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">These tests may be indicated in a patient with <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>lower back symptoms<\/strong><\/span> and an <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>abnormal posture<\/strong><\/span> without rigid or structural components.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Procedure<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em><strong>Test in a supine or prone position<\/strong><\/em>, the clinically most relevant pelvic muscles for strength.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">These are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Erector muscle<\/strong><\/span> of spine (<em>see &#8220;muscle tests&#8221;<\/em>).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Rectus abdominis muscle<\/strong><\/span> (<em>see &#8220;muscle tests&#8221;<\/em>).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Hip flexors<\/strong><\/span> (<em>iliopsoas muscle and rectus femoris muscle in particular<\/em>) in supine position. Allow the patient to lift the leg, flexed at hip and knee, to the torso and provide opposite force at the level of the ventral side of the upper leg <\/span><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em><strong>[Figure 60]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Hip extensors<\/strong><\/span> (<em>the hamstrings or ischiocrural muscles in particular<\/em>) in supine position. Allow the patient to move the heel of the bent leg to the buttock and provide an opposite force at the level of the dorsal side of the lower leg <\/span><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em><strong>[Figure 61]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-705\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_60_MG_2539.jpg\" alt=\"60_MG_2539\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_60_MG_2539.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_60_MG_2539-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 60<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-706\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_61_MG_2540.jpg\" alt=\"61_MG_2540\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_61_MG_2540.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_61_MG_2540-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 61<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Interpretation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">For the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>erector muscle<\/strong><\/span> of the spine and the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>rectus abdominis muscle<\/strong><\/span>, see &#8220;<em>muscle tests<\/em><\/span><span style=\"color: #003366;\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #003366;\">&#8221; For the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hip extensors<\/strong><\/span> and the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hip flexors<\/strong><\/span>, the strength can be graded on a scale of <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">0 to 5<\/span>. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Grade 5<\/span> is applied in a person with <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">normal strength<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em><strong>With the patient in supine or prone position<\/strong><\/em>, test the length of the following muscles:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Erector muscle<\/strong><\/span> of spine. Bend forward whilst seated with legs stretched, touching the toes <em><strong>[Figure 62]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-707\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_62_MG_2542.jpg\" alt=\"62_MG_2542\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_62_MG_2542.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_62_MG_2542-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 62<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Interpretation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">During these tests, the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">length<\/span> of the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hamstrings<\/strong><\/span> and the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>triceps surae<\/strong><\/span> are also assessed. Therefore, various variations may be possible when the patient bends forward. With a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">normal length<\/span> of the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>erector muscle<\/strong><\/span> of spine, there will be an increase in the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>convexity<\/strong><\/span> of the spine to the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">front<\/span> and in the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lumbar region<\/span> a <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>flattening<\/strong><\/span> of the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lordosis<\/span>. With <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">normal length<\/span> <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hamstrings<\/strong><\/span>, the pelvis will <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">tilt forward<\/span> and the legs will <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">not bend<\/span> in the knees. With <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">normal length<\/span> <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>triceps surae muscle<\/strong><\/span>, the legs will <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">not bend<\/span> in the knees and the toes will continue to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">point upwards<\/span> (<em>= midpoint between dorsal and plantar flexion<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Hip flexors<\/strong><\/span>. In supine position with lower legs hanging down, allow the patient to alternately bring the bent legs to the chest (<em>both hands placed in the back of the left or right knee, respectively<\/em>) <em><strong>[Figure 63]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-708\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_63_MG_2541.jpg\" alt=\"63_MG_2541\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_63_MG_2541.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_63_MG_2541-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 63<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Interpretation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">When the bent leg is pulled to the chest, the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>contralateral leg<\/strong><\/span> should remain in the same hanging position. Should the upper contralateral leg come off the examination table, it indicates an <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>iliopsoas muscle<\/strong><\/span> which is <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">too short<\/span>. If the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>contralateral leg<\/strong><\/span> stretches in the knee, it indicates a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">too short<\/span> <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>rectus femoris muscle<\/strong><\/span>. Both phenomena can also occur simultaneously.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Hip extensors<\/strong> <\/span>(<em>performance of this test is determined by the presence or absence of shortness of the hip flexors<\/em>).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>A.<\/strong>\u00a0 If <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hip flexors<\/strong><\/span> are <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">not shortened<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The examiner lifts the stretched leg of the patient, whilst the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>contralateral leg<\/strong><\/span> is fixed in a stretched position on the surface. The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>lumbar lordosis<\/strong><\/span> is automatically <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">flattened<\/span> due to the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">backwards tilting<\/span> of the pelvis <em><strong>[Figure 64]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-709\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_64_MG_2543.jpg\" alt=\"64_MG_2543\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_64_MG_2543.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_64_MG_2543-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 64<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Interpretation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">With <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">normal length<\/span> <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hamstrings<\/strong><\/span>, the lifted leg will form a minimum <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>angle of 80\u00b0<\/strong><\/span> with the surface.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>B.<\/strong>\u00a0 If <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hip flexors<\/strong><\/span> are <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">shortened<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The examiner lifts the stretched leg of the patient, whilst the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>contralateral leg<\/strong><\/span> is bent in the knee and the hip by means of a pillow underneath the knee. The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">shortening<\/span> of the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hip flexors<\/strong><\/span> can then be compensated and the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>lumbar lordosis<\/strong><\/span> is given the opportunity to flatten<em><strong> [Figure 65]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-710\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_65_MG_2544.jpg\" alt=\"65_MG_2544\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_65_MG_2544.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/Spine_65_MG_2544-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 65<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Interpretation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Hip flexors<\/strong><\/span> that are <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">too short<\/span>, prevent the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">backward tilting<\/span> of the pelvis during fixation of the leg with the extended hip. Therefore, the test mentioned in <strong>A<\/strong> cannot be conducted reliably. The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>ischiocrural muscles<\/strong><\/span> can namely appear shorter than they actually are. <\/span><span style=\"color: #003366;\">With <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">normal length<\/span> <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hamstrings<\/strong><\/span> the lifted leg will form an <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>angle of 80\u00b0<\/strong><\/span> with the surface.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>C.\u00a0<\/strong> See test for length of the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>erector muscle<\/strong><\/span> of spine (<em>bend forward whilst seated with legs stretched and trying to touch the toes with the fingers<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Rectus abdominis muscle<\/strong><\/span>. This muscle cannot be optimally tested for length.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #003366;\">General Interpretation<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>stronger<\/strong><\/span> the muscle, the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>bigger<\/strong><\/span> the chance of <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>shortening<\/strong><\/span> the muscle in question.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>weaker<\/strong><\/span> the muscle, the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>bigger<\/strong><\/span> the chance of <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>lengthening<\/strong><\/span> the muscle in question.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>starting point<\/strong><\/span> is that the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>pelvis<\/strong><\/span>, due its potential to tilt, can be seen as a <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>balance<\/strong><\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">With the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>pelvis<\/strong><\/span> portrayed as a <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>balance<\/strong><\/span>, the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>erector muscle<\/strong><\/span> of <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>spine<\/strong><\/span> and the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hip flexors<\/strong><\/span> and the <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>rectus abdominis muscle<\/strong><\/span> and <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>hip extensors<\/strong><\/span> are <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">agonists<\/span> of each other.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">With a <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>muscular imbalance<\/strong><\/span> at this level, muscles are <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">shortened<\/span> or <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lengthened<\/span>. For example, <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>exaggerated lumbar lordosis<\/strong><\/span> may be the result of a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">too strong<\/span> <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>erector muscle<\/strong><\/span> of spine and a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">weak<\/span> <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>rectus abdominis muscle<\/strong><\/span>. Management should be aimed at <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lengthening<\/span> the overly strong muscles and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">strengthening<\/span> the overly long muscles, both with aid of <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>exercise therapy<\/strong><\/span> (<em>stretch exercises and muscle strengthening exercises, respectively<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>These tests may be indicated in a patient with lower back symptoms and an abnormal posture without rigid or structural components. Procedure Test in a supine or prone position, the clinically most relevant pelvic muscles for strength. These are: Erector muscle of spine (see &#8220;muscle tests&#8221;). Rectus abdominis muscle (see &#8220;muscle tests&#8221;). Hip flexors (iliopsoas [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[67],"tags":[142],"class_list":["post-711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-special-examination-techniques","tag-the-examination-of-the-spine"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tests To Detect Muscle Imbalance - Qpercom | Skills in Medicine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Online Mock OSCEs with examiners, patient actors, instant results and personalised feedback. 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