{"id":1181,"date":"2010-12-04T14:43:05","date_gmt":"2010-12-04T14:43:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/muscle-tests-5\/"},"modified":"2024-01-16T10:33:03","modified_gmt":"2024-01-16T10:33:03","slug":"muscle-tests-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/index.php\/the-examination-of-the-lower-extremities\/the-pelvic-girdle\/muscle-tests-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Muscle Tests"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr \/>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/124602458?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Procedure<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The patient\u2019s position depends on the muscle\/group of muscles to be tested.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Examine the muscles by allowing them to contract isometrically, without evoking movement. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Provide resistance (<em>white arrow<\/em>) against the force elicited from the patient (<em>black arrow<\/em>), in response to a request to carry out a certain movement <em><strong>[Figure 24]<\/strong><\/em>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">While doing this, use the other hand to stabilise the leg (<em>be aware of compensatory movements<\/em>). <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Inquire about pain. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">If the patient indicates pain, compare left and right.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">If necessary, palpate muscles:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">To determine the tone and the maximum point of pain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">To differentiate between lipomas and muscle hernia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">In the case of suspected avulsion or muscle rupture.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Initially, isometric testing of the various muscle groups for pain is sufficient. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">If the patient indicates pain symptoms during this examination, subsequently investigate each individual muscle of the muscle group concerned (<em>after comparing left and right<\/em>) where possible. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Ask the patient to contract the muscle as selectively as possible: <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>flexors<\/strong><\/span> (<em>iliopsoas muscle, rectus femoris muscle, sartorius muscle<\/em>).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1172\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-24.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-24.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-24-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 24<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>extensors<\/strong><\/span> (<em>gluteus maximus muscle, the hamstrings<\/em>) <em><strong>[Figure 25]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1173\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-25.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-25.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-25-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 25<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Muscle tests of the hip extensors.<br \/>\nThe patient flexes the leg to be tested 90\u00b0 at the knee. From this position the patient extends the hip (by raising the upper leg) against the resistance provided by the examiner.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>abductors<\/strong><\/span> (<em>gluteus medius muscle, gluteus minimus muscle, tensor fascia latae muscle<\/em>)<em><strong> [Figure 26]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1174\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-26.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-26.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-26-281x300.jpg 281w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 300px; display: block;\">Figure 26<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>adductors<\/strong><\/span> (<em>adductor longus, brevis and magnus muscles, pectineus muscle, gracilis muscle<\/em>)<em><strong> [Figure 27]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1175\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-27.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-27.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-27-254x300.jpg 254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 300px; display: block;\">Figure 27<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>endorotators<\/strong><\/span> (<em>gluteus medius muscle, gluteus minimus muscle, tensor fascia latae muscle<\/em>) <em><strong>[Figure 28]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1176\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-28.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-28.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-28-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 28<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>exorotators<\/strong><\/span> (<em>piriformis muscle, internal and external obturator muscles, superior and inferior gemelli muscles, quadratus femoris muscle, gluteus maximus muscle, sartorius muscle, iliopsoas muscle and the adductors<\/em>)<em><strong> [Figure 29]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1177\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-29.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-29.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-29-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 29<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>The following muscles can more or less be tested selectively:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/124602455?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Sartorius<\/strong><\/span> muscle <em><strong>[Figure 30]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><em>Function<\/em>:<\/strong> Flexion and exorotation of the hip and also flexion of the knee.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><em>Disorder<\/em>:<\/strong> Pes anserinus bursitis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Muscle test of the sartorius muscle: <\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Flex the hip and knee, and then exorotate the leg to be investigated. Now provide resistance in the direction of the hip endorotation and knee extension.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1178\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-30.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-30.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-30-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 30<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Gluteus maximus<\/strong><\/span> muscle <em><strong>[Figure 31]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><em>Function<\/em>:<\/strong> Extension of the hip (especially if the knee is flexed by more than 90\u00b0).<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><em>Disorder<\/em>:<\/strong> Tendonitis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em><strong>Muscle test of the gluteus maximus muscle:<\/strong> This test should be performed with a knee flexion of more than 90\u00b0 (the angle between the upper and lower leg is therefore less than 90\u00b0 in this position).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1179\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-31.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-31.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-31-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 31<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Hamstrings<\/strong><\/span><em><strong> [Figure 32]<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><em>Function:<\/em><\/strong> Extension of the hip (<em>especially if the knee is flexed by less than 90\u00b0<\/em>) and flexion and rotation of the knee.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em><strong>Disorder: <\/strong><\/em>Tendonitis at the ischial tuberosity; \u2018<em>short hamstrings<\/em>\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The other flexors, abductors and adductors and the exorotators and endorotators are not selectively tested because this is either, not possible or less relevant in view of the prevalence of conditions of the various muscles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em><strong>Hamstring muscle test:<\/strong> This test should be performed with a knee flexion of less than 90\u00b0 (the angle between the upper and lower leg is therefore more than 90\u00b0 in this position).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1180\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-32.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-32.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/LowerExtrem_le-fig-32-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 32<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">For the examination of muscle strength, please refer to the neurological and vascular examination.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Procedure The patient\u2019s position depends on the muscle\/group of muscles to be tested. Examine the muscles by allowing them to contract isometrically, without evoking movement. Provide resistance (white arrow) against the force elicited from the patient (black arrow), in response to a request to carry out a certain movement [Figure 24]. While doing this, use [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[144],"class_list":["post-1181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-the-pelvic-girdle","tag-the-examination-of-the-lower-extremities"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Muscle Tests - Qpercom | Skills in Medicine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Online Mock OSCEs with examiners, patient actors, instant results and personalised feedback. 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