{"id":1081,"date":"2010-12-03T18:31:48","date_gmt":"2010-12-03T18:31:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/muscle-tests-3\/"},"modified":"2024-02-21T10:23:54","modified_gmt":"2024-02-21T10:23:54","slug":"muscle-tests-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/index.php\/the-examination-of-the-upper-extremities\/the-elbow\/muscle-tests-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Muscle Tests"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Procedure<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The patient is seated with the lower arms resting on a table or the examination table if necessary.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Examine the muscles under isometeric tension (without movement). To do this, offer resistance (white arrow on photos) to the force elicited by the patient (black arrow on photos) in response to a request to initiate a certain movement. Ensure good fixation, possibly using the other hand (be aware of compensatory tensing of other muscles). Whilst performing the test inquire about any pain. Compare left and right, especially if pain is felt.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">If necessary, palpate the muscles:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">to determine the tone and the maximum point of pain<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">to differentiate between lipomas and such like and muscle herniation<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">if an avulsion or muscle rupture is suspected.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Initially, an isometric test for pain in the various muscle groups should suffice.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #003366;\">If the patient indicates pain symptoms during this test, if possible examine the individual muscles of the muscle group in question (following a left-right comparison). Ensure that these are tensed as selectively as possible.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/124036427?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <strong>pronators<\/strong> (particularly the pronator teres muscle, pronator quadratus muscle, flexor carpi radialis muscle and anconeus muscle) [Figure 79]<em>.<br \/>\n<\/em><em>Offer the patient a hand. Ask him to make a pronation movement, during which you make a supination movement (away from the patient)<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1066\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-80.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-80.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-80-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 79<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The <strong>supinators<\/strong> (particularly the supinator muscle and biceps brachii muscle) [Figure80]<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Offer the patient a hand. Ask him to make a supination movement, during which you make a pronation movement (away from the patient).<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1067\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-81.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-81.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-81-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 80<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">the <strong>extensors<\/strong> of the wrist and the fingers (particularly the extensor digitorum muscle, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles, and extensor carpi ulnaris muscle) [Figure 81].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1068\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-79.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-79.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-79-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 81<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">the <strong>flexors<\/strong> of the wrist and the fingers (particularly the palmaris longus muscle, flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis muscles, flexor carpi radialis muscle and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle) [Figure 82]<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Ask the patient to make a fist with the thumb enclosed, starting from a position of slight palmar flexion of the wrist, and have them hold this position. Attempt to unclench the wrist.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1069\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-82.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-82.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-82-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 82<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">the <strong>ulnar abductors<\/strong> (particularly the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, extensor carpi ulnaris muscle) [Figure 83].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1070\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-83.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-83.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-83-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 83<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">the <strong>radial abductors<\/strong> (particularly the flexor carpi radialis muscle, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles) [Figure 84].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1071\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-84.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-84.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-84-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 84<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">the extensors of the elbow (triceps brachii muscle and anconeus muscle) (refer to the &#8220;shoulder girdle&#8221;) the flexors of the elbow (particularly the biceps brachii muscle, brachialis muscle, brachioradialis muscle, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles) (refer to the &#8220;shoulder girdle&#8221;).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>The following muscles can be more or less tested selectively<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">brachioradialis muscle [Figure 85].<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Function<\/em>: flexion of the elbow with the lower arm in midpoint position.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1072\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-85.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-85-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><strong><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\">Figure 85<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/124036467?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">flexor carpi ulnaris muscle [Figure 86].<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Function<\/em>: palmar flexion and ulnar abduction of the wrist;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Disorder<\/em>: tendonitis<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1073\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-92.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-92.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-92-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 86<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">palmaris longus muscle [Figure 87].<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Function<\/em>: palmar flexion of the wrist.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1074\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-93.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-93.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-93-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 87<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">flexor digitorum profundus muscle [Figure 88].<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Function<\/em>: flexion of metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints II through to V; palmar flexion of the wrist;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Disorder<\/em>: peritendonitis<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1075\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-90.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-90.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-90-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 88<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">flexor digitorum superficialis muscle [Figure 89].<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Function<\/em>: flexion of MCP, PIP and DIP joints II through to V; palmar flexion of the wrist;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Disorder<\/em>: peritendonitis<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1076\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-91.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-91.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-91-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 89<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles [Figure 90].<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Function<\/em>: dorsal flexion and radial abduction of the wrist; flexion of the elbow;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Disorder<\/em>: tendonitis<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1077\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-87.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-87.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-87-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 90<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">extensor digitorum muscle [Figure 91].<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Function<\/em>: dorsal flexion of the wrist and extension of phalanges II through to V;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Disorder<\/em>: tendonitis<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1078\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-86.jpg\" alt=\"ue-fig-86\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-86.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-86-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 91<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">extensor carpi ulnaris muscle [Figure 92].<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Function<\/em>: dorsal flexion and ulnar abduction of the wrist;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Disorder<\/em>: tendonitis<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1079\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-88.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-88.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-88-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 92<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">flexor carpi radialis muscle [Figure 93].<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Function<\/em>: palmar flexion and radial abduction of the wrist;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>Disorder<\/em>: tendonitis<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span class=\"jce_caption\" style=\"display: inline-block; color: #003366;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1080\" style=\"margin: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/cloverock.info\/mockosce23\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-89.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-89.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.qpercom.com\/sim\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/12\/UpperExtrem_ue-fig-89-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><span style=\"width: 400px; display: block;\"><strong>Figure 93<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">The following muscles cannot be tested selectively (without numerous other muscles engaging):<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">biceps muscle (refer to &#8220;the shoulder girdle&#8221;)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">brachialis muscle<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\">triceps brachii muscle (refer to &#8220;the shoulder girdle&#8221;).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\">For the examination of muscle strength see &#8220;The Neurological Examination&#8221;.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #003366;\">For the vascular examination see &#8220;The Cardiovascular Examination&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Procedure The patient is seated with the lower arms resting on a table or the examination table if necessary. Examine the muscles under isometeric tension (without movement). To do this, offer resistance (white arrow on photos) to the force elicited by the patient (black arrow on photos) in response to a request to initiate a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[63],"tags":[141],"class_list":["post-1081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-the-elbow","tag-the-examination-of-the-upper-extremities"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Muscle Tests - Qpercom | Skills in Medicine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Online Mock OSCEs with examiners, patient actors, instant results and personalised feedback. 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